Functions of Tenses

Chapter VI

Functions of Tenses

1.   Simple Present

Ä  Form

ð Verbal

+) S + V1 s/es ………        

-) S + do/does + not + V1 …………

?) do/does + S + V1 ………… ?

ð Nominal

+) S + is/am/are + Subjective Complements

-) S + is/am/are + not + Subjective Complements

?) is/am/are + S + Subjective Complements?

Ä  Time Signals

a)   Adverb of Frequency

E.g. always, usually, often, sometimes etc.

b)   Every + (time)

E.g. every day, every week, every month etc.

c)   On + (Day plural)

E.g. on Sundays, on Mondays, on Tuesdays etc.

Ä  Functions

1.   Habitual Action (kebiasaan sehari hari)

E.g. He always swims in the river

2.   General Truth (kebenaran umum)

E.g. the earth is around

3.   Headline News (judul berita)

E.g. the flood attacks Jakarta.

4.   Imperative (kalimat poerintah)

E.g. answer the questions well!

5.   Ability (kemampuan)

E.g. Michael speaks English fluently.

6.   Future Time (Time Table)

E.g. our class begins at 07:00 tomorrow.

7.   Non-Progressive Verbs

E.g. Everyone always hates this so much.

2.   Present Continuous

Ä  Form

ð Verbal

+) S + is/am/are + Ving ………      

-) S + is/am/are + not + Ving …………

?) is/am/are + S +Ving ………… ?

ð Nominal

+) S + is/am/are + Subjective Complements

-) S + is/am/are + not + Subjective Complements

?) is/am/are + S + Subjective Complements?

Ä  Time signals

a)   Specific time signals

E.g. now, right now, at the present, at the moment etc.

b)   This + (time)

E.g. this week, this month, this year etc.

c)   Imperative sentence (interjection)

E.g. look out! Listen!  etc.

Ä  Functions

1.   Menyatakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung saat berbicara

E.g. Hurry up! We are waiting for you!

2.   Menyatakan kejadian yang sedang dalam proses

E.g. I am writing the second book this year

3.   Menyatakan kejengkelan “always/forever”

E.g. They are always ignoring me.

4.   Menyatakan future time (Prior Plan)

E.g. We are playing football next Sunday

5.   Menyatakan kejadian yang berangsur angsur berubah

E.g. today is getting darker.

3.   Present Perfect

Ä  Form

ð Verbal

+) S + have/has + V3 ………         

-) S + have/has + not + V3 …………

?) have/has + S + V3 ………… ?

ð Nominal

+) S + have/has+ been + Subjective Complements 

-) S + have/has + not + been + Subjective Complements

?) have/has + S + been + Subjective Complements?

Ä  Time signals

a)   Adverb of Frequency

E.g. seldom, ever, never, etc.

b)   Already (sudah)

c)   Just (baru saja)

d)  Not …. Yet (belum)

e)   Time signal yang menunjukkan durasi

E.g. so far, until now, up to now, up to the present, ever since, recently, lately, all day, all night, all my life etc.

Ä  Functions

1.   Menyatakan kejadian yang sudah selesai

E.g. She has just visited me.

2.   Menyatakan kejadian yang belum terjadi (negative)

E.g. they haven’t collected their assignment yet.

3.   Menyatakan kejadian yang berulang (biasanya terdapat adv.  of multiplier).

E.g. He has eaten rice thrice already.

4.   Menyatakan experience.

E.g. They have ever gone to Temple Borobudur.

5.   Menyatakan kejadian yang masih berlangsung

§  time duration

§  long term verbs (stay, live, work)

E.g. He has worked in that company for 30 years.

4.   Present Perfect Continuous

Ä  Form

ð Verbal

+) S + have/has + been + Ving ………      

-) S + have/has + not + been + Ving …………

?) have/has + S + been + Ving ………… ?

ð Nominal

+) S + have/has+ been + Subjective Complements 

-) S + have/has + not + been + Subjective Complements

?) have/has + S + been + Subjective Complements?

Ä  Time signals

a)   Time duration

Ø Since ………       (the beginning of action)

Ø For ………          (the period of action)

Ä  Function

1.   Menyatakan kejadian yang masih berlangsung

§  time duration

§  short term verbs

E.g. He has been sleeping for 2 hours.

5.   Simple Past

Ä  Form

ð Verbal

+) S + V2 ………   

-) S + did + not + V1 …………

?) Did + S + V1 ………… ?

ð Nominal

+) S + was/were + Subjective Complements

-) S + was/were + not + Subjective Complements

?) was/were + S + Subjective Complements?

Ä  Time Signals

a)   Adverb of Frequency

E.g. always, usually, often, sometimes etc.

b)   General time signals in the past

E.g. yesterday, the day before yesterday, in 1998 etc.

c)   Last + (time)

E.g. last week, last month, last year etc.

d)  (time) + ago

E.g. 2 days ago, 3 weeks ago etc.

Ä  Functions

1.   Habitual Action in the past

E.g. He always got up early morning 3 years ago.

2.   General Truth in the past.

E.g. Soeharto was our president.

3.   Single action in the past

E.g. You borrowed my pen yesterday.

6.   Past Continuous

Ä  Form

ð Verbal

+) S + was/were + Ving ………     

-) S + was/were + not + Ving …………

?) was/were + S + Ving ………… ?

ð Nominal

+) S + was/were + Subjective Complements

-) S + was/were + not + Subjective Complements

?) was/were + S + Subjective Complements?

Ä  Time Signals

a)   Specific time signal in the past

E.g. yesterday morning, at the same time yesterday, last night at 8:30  etc.

Ä  Functions

1.   Menyatakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung dimasa lampau.

E.g. He was calling me yesterday afternoon.

2.   Menyatakan kejadian yang berangsur-angsur berubah dimasa lampau.

E.g. the wind was blowing harder last night.

7.   Past Perfect

Ä  Form

ð Verbal

+) S + had + V3 ………     

-) S + had + not + V3 …………

?) had + S + V3 ………… ?

ð Nominal

+) S + had + been + Subjective Complements       

-) S + had + not + been + Subjective Complements

?) had + S + been + Subjective Complements?

Ä  Time signal

a)   Time clause (2 kejadian)

Ø Conj: After, before, as soon as ………… etc.

Ä  Function

1.   Menyatakan kejadian yang sudah selesai sebelum kejadian lain terjadi dimasa lampau.

E.g. I arrived after he had washed his car.

8.   Past Perfect Continuous

Ä  Form

ð Verbal

+) S + had + been + Ving ………  

-) S + had + not + been + Ving …………

?) had + S + been + Ving ………… ?

ð Nominal

+) S + had + been + Subjective Complements       

-) S + had + not + been + Subjective Complements

?) had + S + been + Subjective Complements?

Ä  Time signals

a)   Time clause (2 kejadian + duration)

Ø Since/for ………… when, after, before, as soon as, etc.

Ä  Functions

1.   Menyatakan kejadian yang masih berlangsung,  ketika kejadian lain terjadi dimasa lampau.

E.g. My father had been sleeping for an hour when someone knocked the door.

2.   Menyatakan kejadian yang sudah selesai dengan durasi sebelum kejadian lain terjadi dimasa lampau.

E.g. the thief was arrested by the police after they had been looking for him for 2 years.

9.   Simple Future

Ä  Form

ð Verbal

+) S + will/shall + V1 ………         

-) S + will/shall + not + V1 …………

?) will/shall + S + V1 ………… ?

ð Nominal

+) S + will/shall + be + Subjective Complements

-) S + will/shall + not + be Subjective Complements

?) will/shall + S + 3 + be + Subjective Complements?

Ä  Time Signals

a)   Adverb of Frequency

E.g. always, usually, often, sometimes etc.

b)   General time signal in the future.

E.g. tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in 2050

c)   Next + (time)

E.g. next week, next month etc.

d)  (time) + later

E.g. 2 days later, 3 weeks later etc.

Ä  Functions

1.   Habitual Action in the future

E.g. I will always visit you.

2.   General Truth in the future

E.g. everybody will die.

3.   Spontaneity “will” (rencana spontan)

E.g. he will open the door.

4.   Prior Plan “be going to” (rencana matang)

E.g. We are going to have a party next week.

5.   Prediction ‘’will/be going to” (perkiraan)

E.g. She will come here tonight / She is going to come here tonight

10.              Future Continuous

Ä  Form

ð Verbal

+) S + will/shall + be + Ving ………          

-) S + will/shall + not + be + Ving …………

?) will/shall + S + be + Ving ………… ?

ð Nominal

+) S + will/shall + be + Subjective Complements

-) S + will/shall + not + be Subjective Complements

?) will/shall + S + 3 + be + Subjective Complements?

Ä  Time Signals

a)   Specific time signal in the future

E.g. tomorrow evening, at the same time tomorrow, tomorrow at 8:30  etc.

Ä  Function

1.   Menyatakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung in the future.

E.g. she will be going to market next week on Sunday.

11.              Future Perfect

Ä  Form

ð Verbal

+) S + will/shall + have + V3 ………         

-) S + will/shall + not + have + V3 …………

?) will/shall + S + have + V3 ………… ?

ð Nominal

+) S + will/shall + have + been + Subjective Complements

-) S + will/shall + not + have + been + Subjective Complements

?) will/shall + S + have + been + Subjective Complements?

Ä  Time signals

a)   By + (time)

E.g. by tomorrow, by next week etc.

b)   By the end of + (time)

E.g. by the end of this year etc.

c)   At the end of + (time)

E.g. at the end of next month.

d)  By the time (conj.)

e.g. by the time your father comes.

Ä  Function

1.   Menyatakan kejadian yang sudah selesai in the future.

E.g. he will have arrived here by next week.

12.              Future Perfect Continuous

Ä  Form

ð Verbal

+) S + will/shall + have + been + Ving ………      

-) S + will/shall + not + have + been + Ving …………

?) will/shall + S + have + been + Ving ………… ?

ð Nominal

+) S + will/shall + have + been + Subjective Complements

-) S + will/shall + not + have + been + Subjective Complements

?) will/shall + S + have + been + Subjective Complements?

Ä  Time signals

a)   By + (time) ……… for ………

b)   By the end of + (time) ……… for ………

c)   At the end of + (time) ……… for ………

Ä  Function

1.   Menyatakan kejadian yang masih berlangsung in the future (short term).

E.g. I will have been sleeping for an hour by this afternoon.

EXERCISE:

I.       Choose the correct answer!

1.      The police ……… here yesterday.

a. were b. had been                  c. was              d. did

2.      ……… beautiful car is so expensive.

a. I am                         c. my

b. mine            d. me

3.      Sam has just bought ……… new shoes.

a. an                             c.  a

b. these                        d. much

4.      Bob and Christine ……… to the movie up to now.

a. go                            c. have gone

b. will go                     d. are going

5.      Both coat and jeans ……… expensive next year.

a. is                              c. are

b. will be                     d. shall be

6.      They …… in front of me at the same time tomorrow.

a.    will sit                     c. sit

b.   is sitting                  d. will be sitting

7.      …… a party next Sunday. I hope you can come.

a.    we have                  c. we will have

b.   we are having         d. we had

8.      I …… out last night. I was too tired.

a.    don’t go                  c. didn’t go

b.   didn’t went d. haven’t gone

9.      My friend …… me when I arrived.

a.    waited                     c. was waiting

b.   have waited                        d. has been wait

10.  They …… friendly and ……

a.    are - kind                c. are - cleverly

b.   is - clever                d. is – kindly

II.    Complete these sentences with the verbs in the parentheses!

1. Don’t make so much noise! The baby (sleep) ………..………………….… for an hour.
2. Bob (find) ………..…………………..………… his lost shoes yet.
3. Peter (send) ………..…………………..…………  me letter yesterday.
4. They (visit) ………..…………………..………… New York for the last two years.
5. She and I (talk) ………..…………………..………… with the police two weeks ago.
6. He (sit) ………..…………………..………… in class right now. And tomorrow at the same time I (sit) ………..…………………..………… in class.
7. Listen! Someone (knock) ………..…………………..………… the door.
8. I (hear) ………..…………………..………… a bird. It is singing.
9. She (wash) ………..…………………..………… her clothes angrily yesterday afternoon.
10. James is our favorite actor. He (appear) ………..…………………..……… on the stage right now.

III. Use any appropriate tense of the verbs in parentheses!

John is in my English class. He (study) ¹__________________________ English this semester. He (take, also) ²__________________________ some other classes. His classes (begin) ³__________________________ at 9 every day.

Yesterday John ate breakfast at 8. He (eat, already) ⁴_________________________ breakfast when he (leave) ⁵__________________________ for class at 8.45. He (eat, always) ⁶__________________________ breakfast before he (go) ⁷____________________ to class. Tomorrow before he (go) ⁸__________________ to class, he (eat) ⁹__________________________ breakfast.

Yesterday John took a nap from 1 to 2. I arrived at 1.45. When I (get) ¹⁰_______________________ there, John (sleep) ¹¹____________________. He (sleep) ¹²__________________________ for 45 minutes by the time I got there. Right now John (take) ¹³__________________________ a nap. He (fall) ¹⁴_____________________ asleep an hour ago. He (sleep) ¹⁵____________________ for an hour.

Tomorrow, after he (eat) ¹⁶_________________________ dinner, John (go) ¹⁷____________________ to a movie. In other words, he (eat) ¹⁸__________________________ dinner by the time he (go) ¹⁹__________________ to the movie.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple present or present progressive)

1.      Look! Sara (go) ___________  to the movies.

2.      On her right hand, Sara (carry) ___________  her handbag.

3.      The handbag (be) ___________  very beautiful.

4.      Sara usually (put) ___________  on black shoes but now she (wear) ___________  white trainers.

5.      And look, she (take) ___________  an umbrella because it (rain) ___________ 

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past perfect)

1.      When he (wake up) ___________  , his mother (already /prepare) ___________  breakfast

2.      We (go) ___________  to London because our friends (invite) ___________  us

3.      He (hear) ___________  the news, (go) ___________  to the telephone and (call) ___________  a friend.

4.      When she (start) ___________  learning English she (already /learn) ___________  French.

5.      Jane (already / type) ___________  three pages when her computer (crash) ___________ 

6.      By the time the doctor (arrive) ___________  the house the patient ( die) ___________ 

7.      Before that day we (never / think) ___________  of traveling to Japan.

8.      I (know) ___________  him a long time before I (meet) ___________  his family.

9.      They (not / know) ___________  where to meet because nobody (tell) ___________  them.

10.  It (be) ___________  cloudy for days before it (begin) ___________  to rain.

 

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect).

1.      I (just / finish) ___________  my homework.

2.      Mary (already / write) ___________  five letters.

3.      Tom (move) ___________  to his home town in 1994.

4.      My friend (be) ___________  in Canada two years ago.

5.      I (not / be) ___________  to Canada so far.

6.      But I (already / travel) ___________  to London a couple of times.

7.      Last week, Mary and Paul (go) ___________  to the cinema.

8.      I can't take any pictures because I (not /buy) ___________  a new film yet.

9.      (they / spend) ___________  their holidays in Paris last summer?

10.  (you / ever / see ) ___________  a whale?

Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Progressive).

1.      The receptionist (welcome) ___________  the guests and (ask) ___________  them to fill in the form

2.      The car (break) ___________  down and we (have) ___________  to walk home.

3.      The boys (swim) ___________  while the girls (sunbath) ___________ 

4.      My father (come) ___________  in, (look) ___________  and (tell) ___________  me to tidy up my room.

5.      While one group (prepare) ___________  dinner the others (collect) ___________  wood for the campfire.

6.      While the parents (have) ___________  breakfast the children (run) ___________  about.

7.      Martha (turn) ___________  off the light and (go) ___________  to bed.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple future or future perfect)

1. Tomorrow I think I (start) ___________  my new project.
2. I (finish) ___________  it by the end of this month.
3. The teacher (probably/assign) ___________  a test to his students next Monday.
4. He (correct) ___________  it by the end of next week.
5. My friend (certainly/get) ___________  a good mark.
6. By 9 o'clock, we (finish) ___________  our homework.
7. They (leave) ___________  the classroom by the end of the hour.
8. I think I (start) ___________  my trip tomorrow