Adjective Clause
Chapter IV
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
A. DEFINITION
Clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective (penjelas noun). Disebut
juga dengan Relative Clause.
Form:
 |
B. KINDS
1.
Relative Pronoun
a.
Relative Pronoun as Subject
(RPS)
Conj: who (person)
which (non-person)
that (person/non-person)
E.g.
a)
I thanked the woman. She helped me.
·
I thanked the woman who helped me.
·
I thanked the woman that helped me.
·
I thanked the woman helping me. (reducing)
b)
The boo is mine. It is o the table .
·
The book which is on the table is mine
·
The book that is on the table is mine.
·
The book on the table is mine.(reducing)
c)
The girl cried. She was kissed
by Arnold.
·
The girl who was kissed by Arnold cried.
·
The girl that was kissed by Arnold cried.
·
The girl kissed by Arnold cried.(reducing)
d)
The girl is my classmate. She
is clever.
·
The girl who is clever is my classmate.
·
The girl that is clever is my classmate.
·
The clever girl is my classmate.(reducing=inverse-single adjective)
e)
The girl is my classmate. She
is clever at dancing.
·
The girl who is clever at dancing is my classmate.
·
The girl that is clever at dancing is my classmate.
·
The girl clever at dancing is my classmate.(reducing ≠ Inverse)
b.
Relative Pronoun as Object
(RPO)
Conj: whom (person)
which (non-person)
that (person/non-person)
Kinds:
1)
Object of A Verb
E.g.
a)
The man was Mr. Jones. I saw
him.
·
The man whom I saw was Mr.Jones
·
The man that I saw was Mr. Jones
·
The man I saw was Mr. Jones (omitting)
b)
The movie wasn’t very good. We saw
it last night.
·
The movie which we saw last night wasn’t very good.
·
The movie that we saw last night wasn’t very good.
·
The movie we saw last night wasn’t very good. (omitting)
c)
She has something. She must do it.
·
She has something
which she must do.
·
She has something that she must do.
·
She has something to do. (reducing)
2)
Object of A Prepositions
E.g.
a)
She is the girl. I told you about her.
·
She is the girl about
whom I told you.(very fomal)
·
She is the girl whom I told you about.
·
She is the girl that I told you about.
·
She is the girl I told you about. (omitting)
b)
The music was good. We listened to it last night.
·
The music to which we listened last night was good.(very formal)
·
The music which we listened to last night
was good.
·
The music that we listened to last night
was good.
·
The music we listened to last night
was good. (omitting)
c.
Relative Pronoun as Possessive
(RPP)
Conj: whose + noun (person
– non-person)
The noun + of which (non-person)
–using comma-
E.g.
a)
I know the man. His
bicycle was stolen.
·
I know the man whose
bicycle was stolen.
b)
Mr. James has a painting. Its
value is inestimable.
·
Mr. James has a painting whose
value is inestimable.
·
Mr. James has a painting, the value
of it is inestimable.
2.
Relative Adverb
a.
Relative Adverb of Place (RAP)
Conj: where
(prep) which (prep)
that (prep)
E.g.
a)
The building is very old. He lives there (in that building)
·
The building where he lives is very old.
·
The building in
which he lives is very old.
·
The building which he lives in is very old.
·
The building that he lives in is very old.
·
The building he lives in is very old. (omitting)
b.
Relative Adverb of Time (RAT)
Conj: when
(prep) which
that
E.g.
a)
I’ll never forget that day. I met you then (on that day)
·
I’ll never forget that day when I met you.
·
I’ll never forget that day on
which I met you.
·
I’ll never forget that day that I met you.
·
I’ll never forget that day I met you. (omitting)
c.
Relative Adverb of Reason (RAR)
Conj: why, which, that
E.g.
a)
The reason is acceptable. He was absent because he was sick.
·
The reason why he was absent is acceptable.
·
The reason which he was absent is acceptable.
·
The reason that he was absent is acceptable.
·
The reason he was absent is acceptable.(omitting)
3.
Using Quantity & Quality
Ciri-ciri : menggunakan
koma.
Conj : Whom, which,
whose+noun
Ø
Quantity
|
Some of ……
One of ……
|
Several of ……
3 of ……
|
Both of ……
Many of ……
|
Etc
|
E.g.
a)
In my class there are 20
students. Most of them are from New York.
·
my class there are 20 students,
most of whom are from New York.
b)
He read several books. One of them
is history.
·
He read several books, one of which
is history.
c)
The teachers discussed Jim. One of his problems is poor study habits
·
The teachers discussed Jim, one of whose problems is poor study habits.
Ø
Quality
|
The best of ……
The most
beautiful of ……
|
The most clever
of ……
The biggest of
…… etc.
|
E.g.
a)
Those students are my friends. The smartest of them is my classmate.
·
Those students are my friends,
the smartest of whom is my classmate.
b)
Timmy has many bikes. The newest of them is very expensive
·
Timmy has many bikes, the newest of which is very expensive
c)
My uncle is very rich. I borrowed the biggest of his car yesterday.
·
My uncle, the biggest of whose car I
borrowed yesterday, is very rich.
C. PERINGKASAN
1.
Omitting
·
Penghilangan conjunction
·
Form : n + conj + S + V
-----------> n + S + V
2.
Reducing
·
Penghilangan conjunction +
Subject
·
Form : n + conj + S + V
-----------> n + Ving / V3 / to inf / AAN
D. PUNCTUATION
- Restrictive / Essential
·
Mengandung informasi penting
·
Tidak menggunakan koma
·
Head : common noun
·
Bisa menggunakan semua
conjunction dan peringkasan.
E.g.
a)
The professor who teaches Chemistry 101 is an excellent lecturer.
The
professor that teaches Chemistry
101 is an excellent lecturer.
The
professor teaching Chemistry 101 is
an excellent lecturer. (reducing)
b)
The man whom I met teaches chemistry.
The
man that
I met teaches chemistry.
The
man I met teaches chemistry.(omitting)
- Nonrestrictive / Nonessential
·
Mengandung informasi tambahan
·
Menggunakan koma
·
Head : proper noun
·
Conj “that” tidak bisa
digunakan dan RPO tidak bisa diringkas
E.g.
a)
Professor Wilson, who teaches Chemistry 101, is an excellent lecturer.
The
professor, teaching Chemistry 101, is
an excellent lecturer. (reducing)
b)
Mr. Lee, whom I met, teaches chemistry.
Adjective Clause
Combine these sentences below!
1.
I saw the man. He closed the
door.
…………………………………………………………………………….
2.
The picture is so expensive.
Sarah is looking at it.
….…………………………………………………………………………
3.
The girl is happy. She won the
race.
….…………………………………………………………………………
4.
He loves the girl. I met her at
the party last night.
….…………………………………………………………………………
5.
We are studying complex
sentence. It contains an adjective clause.
….…………………………………………………………………………
6.
The man is standing there. He
is very handsome.
….…………………………………………………………………………
7.
The people were very friendly.
I spoke to them.
….…………………………………………………………………………
8.
The man called the police. His
wallet was stolen.
….…………………………………………………………………………
9.
That is the place. The accident
occurred there.
….…………………………………………………………………………
10.
Mark has painting. Its value is
inestimable.
….…………………………………………………………………………
Adjective Clause
Combine these sentences!
1)
Andrea was a married woman. She
lived in Brockbourne.
____________________________________________________________
2)
Andrea shivered at the snow. The
snow was piled in the fields. ____________________________________________________________
3)
The radio had been stolen. She
missed listening to it. ____________________________________________________________
4)
An old lady was standing by the
road. Andrea stopped for her. ____________________________________________________________
5)
The old lady had a sign. It was
handwritten. ____________________________________________________________
6)
The lady was very fat. Andrea
opened the door for her. ____________________________________________________________
7)
Andrea was afraid of the old
lady. Her voice sounded strange. ____________________________________________________________
8)
Her arms were hairy. Andrea was
terrified when she saw them. ____________________________________________________________
9)
Andrea realized it was a man. He
was dressed as a woman. ____________________________________________________________
10)
Andrea discovered an axe in the
bag. It was bloodstained. ____________________________________________________________
Exercise:
Combine these sentences below!
1.
The candidate didn’t win the
election. I voted for him.
………………………………………………………………………………
2.
I tried on six pairs of shoes.
I liked none of them.
………………………………………………………………………………
3.
They asked my help. You found
their key.
………………………………………………………………………………
4.
The students are from Egypt.
They are sitting in the front row.
………………………………………………………………………………
5.
The village has around 200
people. The majority of them are farmers.
………………………………………………………………………………
6.
The man was wearing a blue
shirt. He witnessed the accident.
………………………………………………………………………………
7.
The boy was studying in the
library. I talked to him very quietly.
………………………………………………………………………………
8.
The book is about the history of Mexico. I
bought it yesterday.
………………………………………………………………………………
9.
The house is still standing. Abraham Lincoln
was born there.
………………………………………………………………………………
10.
The man reported the accident. His car was
damaged.
………………………………………………………………………………
Adjective Clause
Change the adjective clauses to the adjective phrases!
1.
I don’t know the woman who is
singing beautifully.
………………………………………………………………………………
2.
The people who are waiting for
the bus in the rain are getting wet.
………………………………………………………………………………
3.
I come from the city that is
located in southern part of the country.
………………………………………………………………………………
4.
The children who attend that
school receive a good education.
………………………………………………………………………………
5.
The scientists who are
researching the causes of cancer are making progress.
………………………………………………………………………………
6.
The fence which surrounds our
house is made of wood.
………………………………………………………………………………
7.
They live in a house that was
built in 1890.
………………………………………………………………………………
8.
We have an apartment which
overlooks the park.
………………………………………………………………………………
9.
Maria is the woman who is
responsible for the error.
………………………………………………………………………………
10.
English has an alphabet that
consists of 26 letters.
………………………………………………………………………………
Adjective Clause
Add commas where necessary and Change the conjunction
to “that” if possible!
1.
Alan and Jacky who did not come
to the class yesterday explain their absence to the teacher.
………………………………………………………………………………
2.
The students who didn’t come to
the class yesterday explain their absence to the teacher.
………………………………………………………………………………
3.
Only people who speak Russian
should apply for the job.
………………………………………………………………………………
4.
Matthew who speaks Russian
applied for the job.
………………………………………………………………………………
5.
The newspaper article was about
the man who died two years ago.
………………………………………………………………………………
6.
Wilson who died two years ago
was a kind man.
………………………………………………………………………………
7.
Nokia which I will buy next
month is very good.
………………………………………………………………………………
8.
The hand phone which I found
yesterday is broken.
………………………………………………………………………………
9.
I study a language which is
spoken on many countries.
………………………………………………………………………………
10.
I study English which is spoken
on many countries.
………………………………………………………………………………
Daftar
Pustaka
- Azar, Betty Schrampfer; Understanding And Using English Grammar, Third Edition, Longman, 1999.
- Echols, John M. and Hassan Shadily, Kamus Inggris Indonesia, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
- Echols, John M. and Hassan Shadily, Kamus Indonesia Inggris, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta
- Frank, Marcella; Modern English, Prentice Hall. Inc; New York, 1972.
- Swan, Michael; Practical English Usage, New Edition, Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Thompson, A.J and Martinet, A, V; A Practical English Grammar, Forth Edition, Oxford University Press, 1968.
- _______________, Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1991.
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