Direct-Indirect Speech



Chapter II
Direct-Indirect Speech

A.    Direct Speech (kalimat langsung)
ð  Kalimat yang diucapkan orang pertama tanpa adanya perubahan.
ð  Ciri-ciri:
-          Terdapat Quotation mark/tanda kutip (“……..”/’…….’).
-          Tidak terdapat Conjunction
E.g.
Natalie said, “I am beautiful.”
B.     Indirect Speech
ð  Kalimat laporan yang berisi ucapan orang pertama
ð  Ciri-ciri:
-          Tidak terdapat Quotation mark
-          Terdapat Conjunction
E.g.
Natalie said that she was beautiful.

NOTES
1.    Dalam Direct-Indirect Speech  selalu terdapat 2 jenis klausa (Main Clause dan Sub Clause).
a)      Direct Speech
ð  Initial (awal)
Edward said, “I go to market today.”
ð  Middle (tengah)
“I” Edward said, “go to market today.”
ð  Final (akhir)
“I go to market today”, Edward said/said Edward

b)      Indirect Speech
ð  Initial (Initial)
Edward said that he went to market that day.
2.      Verb yang terdapat dalam Main Clause disebut Introductory Verb (IV)
E.g.
- Say               - Ask               - Explain          -Answer
- Tell               - Forbid           - Admit           - Remark
- Argue           - Beg               - Point out       - etc.

3.    IV dalam Direct Speech akan selalu memiliki fungsi yang sama dalam Indirect Speech.

4.      Main Clause tidak pernah berubah.

5.      Bila Main Clause dalam Direct Speech berupa Present Tenses, Sub-Clause hanya mengalami 1 perubahan (Pronoun).
E.g.
D: My mother says to me, “I will pick up your father tomorrow.”
ID: My mother says to me that she will pick up my father tomorrow.

6.      Bila Main Clause dalam Diret Speech berupa Past Tenses, Sub-Clause mengalami 3 perubahan (Pronoun, Tenses dan Adverb).
E.g.
D: My mother said to me, “I will pick up your father tomorrow.”
ID: My mother said to me that she would pick up my father the next day.

7.      Bila Sub-Clause dalam Direct Speech berupa “General Truth”, maka tidak mengalami perubahan apapun, walaupun Main Clause berbentuk Past Tenses.
E.g.
D: Mr. Smith said, “There are 12 months in a year.”
ID: Mr. Smith said that there are 12 months in a year.

Aturan-aturan Perubahan dari Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
1.      Perubahan Tenses (berubah menjadi tenses dibawahnya). S. Present menjadi S.Past,
Present Cont menjadi Past Cont, Present Perfect mejadi Past Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous menjadi Past Perfect Continuous, selanjutnya.. S. Past berubah menjadi Past Perfect, sedangkan
Past Cont. berubah menjadi Past Perfect Continuous. begitu juga untuk Future, tenses berubah menjadi bagian dibawahnya.
S. Present
Present Cont.
Present Perfect
Pr. Perf. Cont





S. Past
Past Cont.
Past Perfect
Ps. Perf. Cont




S. Future
Future Cont.
Future Perfect
Fut. Perf. Cont






S. Past Future
Past Fut. Cont.
Ps. Fut. Perfect
Ps. Fut.Perf. Cont



2.      Perubahan Pronoun
Sub. Clause

Main Clause
I, me, my, mine … etc
You, your, yours .. etc
We, our, us …… etc
-------------------------->
--------------------------->
--------------------------->
Subject
Object
We (pelapor=subj)
They (pelapor≠subj)

3.      Perubahan Adverb
Direct
Indirect

Direct
Indirect
Now
Today
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Next week
Last week
Then
That day
The day before
The next day
The following week
The previous week

2 days later
2 days ago
Here
This
These
etc
2 days after
2 days before
There
That
Those

KINDS
1.      Statement
Conj: That
E.g.
D: Mrs. Jones said, “My mother will be 50 years old."
D: Mrs. Jones said that her mother would be 50 years old.

2.      Question
-          Tidak terdapat Inversi
-          IV berubah menjadi “ask”.
-     Conj:
a.       Yes/No Question
b.      Information Question
: If/Whether (apakah)
: Question Words
E.g.
D: Christopher said to Diana, "Do you want to dance with him?"
ID: Christopher asked to Diana whether she wanted to dance with him.

D: Elisabeth said to me, "Where did you watch the film?"
ID: Elisabeth asked me where you had watched the film.

3.      Imperative
ð  Conj: -
ð  Tidak terdapat perubahan tenses
ð  IV dirubah menjadi kata yang mengandung makna perintah.
E.g.
- Ask                         - Invite                        - Command
- Order                      - Request                     - Forbid (-)
                     
ð  Verb dalam Sub-Clause berubah menjadi:
Positive

Negative
To Infinitive

Not + To Infinitive
E.g.
D: the teacher said, “do the homework well!"
ID: the teacher asked to do the homework.

D: Martha told Bob, “don’t leave me alone”.
ID: Martha begged Bob not to lave her alon. Or
     Martha forbade Bob toleave her alone.


Direct-Indirect Speech (1)

I.     Change Direct into Indirect
1.    Carol said to me, “I will ask you about that word.”
……………………………………………………………………………
2.    Sam said, “I don’t understand those two lessons at all.”
……………………………………………………………………………
3.    “I know those two girls quite well.” Catherine said
……………………………………………………………………………
4.    Charles said to me, “I have to leave the office before 3:00 p.m.”
……………………………………………………………………………
5.    “My secretary didn’t finish the work,” Mr. Johnson said.
……………………………………………………………………………
6.    George remarked, “I can’t possibly finish the work by that time.”
……………………………………………………………………………
7.    Mr. Anderson said, “I have been smoking too much recently.”
……………………………………………………………………………
8.    “Our entire trip cost us two thousand dollars.” Mr. Brown added.
……………………………………………………………………………
9.    “Your health will improve very quickly.” The doctor said to me.
……………………………………………………………………………
10.                    “You must study hard for the test.” The teacher informed us.
……………………………………………………………………………

Direct-Indirect (2)

Move to Indirect Speech!
1.      Roger asked us, “Have you seen that movie yet?”
………………………………………………………………………………
2.      I said to her, “Do you understand that lesson?”
………………………………………………………………………………
3.      My friend asked me, “Do you enjoy your English class?”
………………………………………………………………………………
4.      “Will everyone be ready to leave by ten?” The driver asked.
………………………………………………………………………………
5.      Frank said to me, “Did you give the letters to Mr. Watson?”
………………………………………………………………………………
6.      “Where did you put my hat and gloves?” Martha asked me.
………………………………………………………………………………
7.      Mr. Farrell said, “How soon can you pay back the money?”
………………………………………………………………………………
8.      “How well does Miss Wang speak English?” The teacher asked.
………………………………………………………………………………
9.      The agent said, “When do you plan to leave for South America?”
………………………………………………………………………………
10.  The woman asked me, “Where can I find the doctor’s office?”
………………………………………………………………………………

Direct-Indirect Speech

Change Direct into Indirect
1.      Fred said to me, “I will ask my pen tomorrow.”
………………………………………………………………………………
2.      Jane said, “I play badminton with my father on Saturdays.”
………………………………………………………………………………
3.      “I know you more than others.” Catherine said to me.
………………………………………………………………………………
4.      Charles said to me, “I have not finished my homework.”
………………………………………………………………………………
5.      “My secretary didn’t finish the work,” Mr. Johnson said.
………………………………………………………………………………
6.      George remarked, “I can’t possibly finish the work by that time.”
………………………………………………………………………………
7.      Mr. Anderson said, “I have been smoking too much recently.”
………………………………………………………………………………
8.      “Our entire trip cost us two thousand dollars.” Mr. Brown added.
………………………………………………………………………………
9.      “Your health will improve very quickly.” The doctor said to me.
………………………………………………………………………………
10.  “You must study hard for the test.” The teacher informed us.
………………………………………………………………………………

Direct-Indirect Speech

Change Direct into Indirect Speech
1.      John said to me,”I will ask you about that tomorrow”.
____________________________________________________________
2.      George remarked,”I can’t possibly finish this work by that time”.
____________________________________________________________
3.      “Do I have to lock the door?” Bill asked me.
____________________________________________________________
4.      The agent said to us,”When do you plan to leave Pare?”
____________________________________________________________

5.      I asked my father,” Who gave you money?”
____________________________________________________________
6.      “Have you renewed your card?” We asked Jane.
____________________________________________________________
7.      My mother said to her,” Don’t forget to bring umbrella!”
____________________________________________________________
8.      Danni has asked me,” Are you visiting my sister?”
____________________________________________________________
9.      They asked me,” Will you be our friend?” and I answered,” Yes”.
____________________________________________________________
10.  I said to her,” You are still my girlfriend, aren’t you?”
____________________________________________________________
  

Direct Indirect (3)
I.     Change Direct into Indirect
1.    Emily told me, "Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow."
_________________________________________________________
2.    Helen said to Glenn "I was writing a letter for you yesterday.
_________________________________________________________
3.    “Meet me at the cinema." he said to me.
_________________________________________________________
4.    "My father flew to Dallas last year." Robert said.
_________________________________________________________
5.    Mandy asked them, "Are the boys reading the book?”
_________________________________________________________
6.    "Is Tim leaving on Friday?" Robert asked me.
_________________________________________________________
7.    "Don't be angry with me," She said to Jack
_________________________________________________________
8.    Jennifer asked, “Where do you play football today, Bob?"
_________________________________________________________
9.    Linda told us "Did you fly to London two weeks ago?"
_________________________________________________________
10.     "Why didn't you go to New York with me, Rose?" Ron says
_________________________________________________________



Daftar Pustaka

  1. Azar, Betty Schrampfer; Understanding And Using English Grammar, Third Edition, Longman, 1999.
  2. Echols, John M. and Hassan Shadily, Kamus Inggris Indonesia, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
  3. Echols, John M. and Hassan Shadily, Kamus Indonesia Inggris, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta
  4. Frank, Marcella; Modern English, Prentice Hall. Inc; New York, 1972.
  5. Swan, Michael; Practical English Usage, New Edition, Oxford University Press, 1996.
  6. Thompson, A.J and Martinet, A, V; A Practical English Grammar, Forth Edition, Oxford University Press, 1968.
  7. _______________, Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1991.









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