Intermediate Grammar
Chapter I
MODAL
Def : Kata
kerja bantu yang memiliki arti dan fungsi tertentu.
Kinds
1.
Modal Auxiliary (Murni)
Kinds:
-
Can
-
Could
-
Will
-
Would
|
-
Shall
-
Should
-
May
-
Might
|
-
Had better
-
Ought to
-
Must
|
2.
Similar expression of Modal
Kinds:
Modal
|
Similar
|
Meaning
|
Would
|
Used to
|
Dulu terbiasa
|
Will
|
Be going to
|
Akan
|
Can
|
Be able to
|
Dapat
|
Should
|
Be supposed to
|
Seharusnya
|
May/Can
|
Be allowed to
|
Boleh
|
Must
|
Have to
Have got to
Be to
|
Harus
|
Peraturan Modal
a.
Modal Auxiliary
1.
Modal selalu tetap
E.g.
-
She wills come here (Incorrect)
-
She will come here
(Correct)
2.
Modal selalu diikuti Bare
Infinitive
E.g.
-
They can speaking English (Incorrect)
-
They can speak English
(Correct)
3.
Single modal bisa diganti
dengan Similar
E.g.
-
He should accompany his son
-
He is supposed to accompany his
son
4.
Double Modal
-
M.A + M.A = X
-
M.A + S.M = √
|
-
S.M + M.A = X
-
S.M + S.M = √
|
5.
Tidak ada Perfect Tense (have +
V3) dalam modal, kecuali “will/shall, would/should” yang bermakna
akan.
E.g.
-
He will have gone home
tomorrow
(dia
akan pulang besok) “Perfect”
-
He will have gone home
yesterday
(dia
pasti pulang kemarin) “Past”
6.
Modal tidak bisa bertemu dengan
aux. lain, kecuali “be & have”
(is/am/are, was/were, been,
being, has, had, do/does, did)
b.
Similar Expression of Modal
1.
Menghindari Double Modal
E.g.
-
Bob will can speak English (Incorrect)
-
Bob will be able to
speak English (Correct)
2.
Bisa diikuti / didahului To
Inf.
E.g.
-
They want to be able to
speak English
3.
Bisa memasuki Perfect Tense
(have + V3)
E.g.
-
They have been able to
speak English
4.
Selain “used to”, similar
mengikuti tenses.
E.g.
Similar
|
Perubahan
|
Have to
|
She has to
They had to
|
Be able to
|
He is able to
We are able to
|
Be going to
|
They were going to
It was going to
……………..etc
|
Pembagian Modal
a.
Berdasarkan Tenses
1.
Real Perfect
ð
Bentuk : Perfect (have + V3)
ð
Makna : Perfect
ð Modal : will/shall,
would/should (akan)
ð
Tenses : 8 tenses, 8 bentuk
Tenses
|
Bentuk
|
Simple Future
Future Cont.
Future Perf.
Fut. Perf. Cont.
|
Will/shall + V1
Will/shall + be
+ Ving
Will/shall + have +been + V3
Will/shall +
have +been + Ving
|
Simple Past Fut.
Past Fut. Cont.
Past Fut. Perf.
Ps. Fut. Perf.
Cont.
|
Would/should + V1
Would/should l +
be + Ving
Would/should + have +been + V3
Would/should +
have +been + Ving
|
E.g.
They will have arrived here by the end of this month.
2.
Unreal Perfect
ð
Bentuk : Perfect (have + V3)
ð
Makna : Past
ð Modal : semua modal
selain yang bermakna “akan”.
ð
Tenses : 6 tenses, 4 bentuk
Tenses
|
Bentuk
|
Simple Present
Simple Future
|
M + V1
|
Present Cont.
Future Cont.
|
M + be + Ving
|
Simple Past
|
M + have + V3
|
Past Cont.
|
M + have + been
+ Ving
|
b.
Berdasarkan Makna
1.
Conclusion Meaning
ð
Menarik kesimpulan
ð
Didahului Prologue
ð
Bisa berbentuk “be + Ving”,
ketika Cont.
ð
6 tenses, 4 bentuk (seperti diatas)
2.
Spontaneity Meaning
ð
Tidak menarik kesimpulan
ð
Tidak harus ada Prologue
ð
Tidak bisa berbentuk “be + Ving”, ketika Cont.
ð
6 tenses, 2 bentuk
Tenses
|
Bentuk
|
Simple Present
Simple Future
Present Cont.
Future Cont.
|
M + V1
|
Simple Past
Past Cont.
|
M + have + V3
|
Fungsi Modal
A. Conclusion
1. Possibility (kemungkinan)
Kalimat : +, ?
Tenses : 6 tenses, 4
bentuk
Modal :
Modal
|
Makna
|
Persamaan
|
Will
Must
|
Pasti (95%)
|
I’m sure that…
|
Should
Ought to
|
Kemungkinan
besar (90%)
|
Probably
Perhaps
Maybe
It’s possible
that……
|
Can
Could
May
Might
|
Mungkin (50%)
|
E.g.
-
Fitri is crying. She may be
losing her candy.
-
I saw John in the hospital
yesterday. He should have been sick.
2. Impossibility (ketidak
mungkinan)
Kalimat : -, -?
Tenses : 6 tenses, 4 bentuk
Modal :
Modal
|
Makna
|
Persamaan
|
Can not
Could not
|
Tidak mungkin (99%)
|
It’s impossible that…
|
Must not
|
Pasti tidak (90%)
|
I’m sure … not…
|
May not
Might not
|
Mungkin tidak (50%)
|
Probably…not…
Perhaps…not…
Maybe…not…
|
E.g.
-
He always goes to school on
foot. He may not have any cycles.
-
Fred has got an accident. He must
not go to work.
B.
Spontaneity
1. Wishes (Harpan/Doa)
Kalimat : +, -
Modal : MAY (Semoga)
Tenses : 4 tenses, 1 bentuk
Tenses
|
Bentuk
|
Simple Present
Simple Future
Present Cont.
Future Cont.
|
May + S + V1 ……!/.
|
E.g.
-
Semoga kita bahagia.
May
we be happy! / .
-
Semoga dia gak nakal.
May
he not be naughty!
NOTICE!!
v
Modal atau Modal + Subj, kadang
bisa dihilangkan (Showing Expression)
E.g.
- May God be with you!
God be with you!
- May you have a nice dream!
Have a nice dream!
2. Ability (Kemampuan)
Kalimat : +, -, ?, -?
Modal : CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO (dapat, bisa, mampu)
Tenses : 6 tenses, 1 bentuk
Tenses
|
Bentuk
|
Simple Present
Simple Future
Present Cont.
Future Cont.
|
S + Can + V1 …….
Be able to
|
Simple Past
Past Cont.
|
S + Could + V1 …….
Be able to
|
E.g.
- Susi can sing beautifully
- Sam is able to drive a car fast
NOTICE!!
v
Perbedaan “Could” dan “Be able
to” dalam Past Tense
Could
|
Be able to
|
1.
Time Clause
2.
Habitual Action (kemampuan asli)
|
1.
Time Signal
2.
Single Action (kebetulan)
|
E.g.
- Sarah could climb the coconut tree when she was young.
- Ferry was able to meet SBY 3 months ago.
3. Necessity (Keharusan)
Kalimat : +, -, ?, -?
Modal : MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, BE TO (harus)
Tenses : 6 tenses, 1 bentuk
Tenses
|
Bentuk
|
Simple Present
Simple Future
Present Cont.
Future Cont.
|
S + must, have to + V1
have
got to, be to
|
Simple Past
Past Cont.
|
S + have to + V1
have
got to, be to
|
E.g.
- I had to take my mother up yesterday.
- I must study hard now.
- He hasn’t to pick me up.
(British)
He doesn’t have to pick me up. (Amr)
NOTICE!!
v
Negative dari “Must” adalah
“needn’t” (tidak harus, tidak perlu)
E.g.
you needn’t help me.
v
Perbedaan “Must” dan “Have to”
dalam Past Tense
Must
|
Have to
|
-
Strong Obligation
-
Internal Speaker
|
-
Weak Obligation
-
External Speaker
|
E.g.
- She must go home because her mother is sick. (Strong)
She has to go home because She wants to sleep. (Weak)
- I must study hard because I want to be a pilot. (Internal)
I have to study hard in order that my mother doesn’t resent me. (External)
4. Prohibition (Larangan)
Kalimat : -
Modal : MUST NOT (Dilarang, tdak boleh)
Tenses : 4 tenses, 1 bentuk
Tenses
|
Bentuk
|
Simple Present
Simple Future
Present Cont.
Future Cont.
|
S + must not + V1
|
E.g.
-
The kids must not play in the
rain.
Setara dengan “Don’t play in the rain!
5. Advisability (Nasehat 1
solusi)
Kalimat : +, -, ?, -?
Modal : SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER, BE SUPPOSED TO
(seharusnya, sebaiknya, lebih baik)
Tenses : 6 tenses, 2 bentuk
Tenses
|
Bentuk
|
Simple Present
Simple Future
Present Cont.
Future Cont.
|
S + modal + V1
|
Simple Past
Past Cont.
|
S + modal + have + V3
|
NOTICE!!
v
Perbedaan Modal Advisability.
Modal
|
Perbedaan
|
Should (not)
Ought (not) to
Be supposed to
|
Tanpa ancaman
|
Had better (not)
|
Dengan ancaman
|
E.g.
- Fred should say honestly.
- She ought not to open the bottle.
-
You had better see the doctor
or you will die.
v
Penggunaan dalam Past Tense
mengandung unsur PENYESALAN.
E.g.
You
shouldn’t have left your son alone yesterday.
6. Suggestion (Nasehat 2
solusi)
Kalimat : +, -, ?, -?
Modal : COULD (seharusnya, sebaiknya, lebih baik)
Tenses : 6 tenses, 2 bentuk
Tenses
|
Bentuk
|
Simple Present
Simple Future
Present Cont.
Future Cont.
|
S + modal + V1 … or …
|
Simple Past
Past Cont.
|
S + modal + have + V3 …or …
|
E.g.
-
Sam could call me or send a
message.
-
You could see the doctor or buy
medicine.
NOTICE!!
v
Penggunaan dalam Past Tense
mengandung unsur PENYESALAN.
E.g.
You
could have helped him or (have) asked someone else to help him.
7.
Expectation (Harapan, jadwal)
Kalimat : +, -, ?, -?
Modal : BE SUPPOSED TO, BE TO (seharusnya)
Tenses : 6 tenses, 1 bentuk
Tenses
|
Bentuk
|
Simple Present
Simple Future
Present Cont.
Future Cont.
Simple Past
Past Cont.
|
S + modal + V1
|
E.g.
-
Train Bangunkarta is to leave
at 03.00 pm.
-
Basic class was supposed to
begin on July 25th, 2010.
NOTICE!!
v
Makna lain dari:
Be to
|
|
Diharapkan
ð be expected to
ð be required to
|
E.g.
He is to win the
champion
|
Berharap
ð
hope to
|
George is to
become a pilot
|
Ditakdirkan
ð
be destined to
|
You are to marry
me
|
Dijadwalkan (formal)
|
Post office is
to open at 07.00 am everyday
|
Be
supposed to
|
|
Diharapkan
ð be expected to
ð be required to
|
E.g.
Ben is supposed
to attend in the meeting
|
Dipercaya
ð
it’s believed that…
|
Sitting in the
corner is supposed to make us sleepy
|
Dijadwalkan (informal)
|
I am supposed to
get up at 05.00 am
|
8. Habitual Action in the
Past (kebiasaan di masa lampau)
Kalimat : +, -, ?, -?
Modal : WOULD, USED TO (dulu terbiasa)
Tenses : 2 tenses, 1 bentuk
Tenses
|
Bentuk
|
Simple Past
Past Cont.
|
S + modal + V1 … or …
|
E.g.
-
She would water the flower on
Sundays last year.
-
I used to cry when she left.
NOTICE!!
v
Variasi Habitual Action in the
Past.
- Be used to + Ving
- Get used to + Ving
- Be accustomed to + Ving
E.g.
-
He was used to being the
best student. (habit in the past)
-
He is used to being the
best student. (habit in the present)
9. Preference (kesukaan)
Kalimat : +, -, ?, -?
Modal : WOULD RATHER (lebih suka)
Tenses : 6 tenses, 4 bentuk
Tenses
|
Bentuk
|
Simple Present
Simple Future
|
M + V1
|
Present Cont.
Future Cont.
|
M + be + Ving
|
Simple Past
|
M + have + V3
|
Past Cont.
|
M + have + been
+ Ving
|
E.g.
-
Catherine would rather eat
banana than (eat) jackfruit.
-
I would rather be studying than
watching TV now.
-
Lee would rather have visited
Jogja than Bali last month.
NOTICE!!
Variasi
Preference
|
S+like+O(noun/gerund)+than+
O(noun/gerund)
E.g.
Tim likes Gaara
than Sasuke
|
S+prefer+O(noun/gerund)+to+ O(noun/gerund)
E.g.
Tom prefers
fishing to swimming
|
S+prefer+O(noun/to inf)+rather than+O(noun/to
inf)
E.g.
Tom prefers to
fish rather than to swim
|
10. Request (permintaan)
Kalimat : ?
Modal : -WILL -CAN -MAY
-WOULD -COULD -MIGHT
Tenses : 4 tenses, 1 bentuk
Tenses
|
Bentuk
|
Simple Present
Simple Future
Present Cont.
Future Cont.
|
M + S + V1 ……?
|
Kinds:
a)
Subject “I & WE”
Modal : MAY, MIGHT, CAN, COULD (bolehkah)
E.g.
- May I come to your house tomorrow?
- Can I taste your cake? (informal)
b)
Subject “YOU”
Modal : WILL, WOULD, CAN, COULD (maukah, sudikah)
E.g.
- Would you be in tonight?
- Can you pare this apple for me? (informal)
NOTICE!!
Variasi
Request
|
Would you like + to inf. ……..?
(maukah)
E.g.
Would you like
to turn down your music?
|
Would you mind + Ving
……..?
(kebertankah)
E.g.
Would you mind turning
down your music?
|
Would you mind + If + I
+ V2 ……..?
(kebertankah)
E.g.
Would you mind
if I turned down your music?
|
11. Permission (Perizinan)
Kalimat : +, -
Modal : -CAN -MAY - Be allowed to
-COULD -MIGHT
(boleh)
Tenses : 6 tenses, 1 bentuk
Tenses
|
Bentuk
|
Simple Present
Simple Future
Present Cont.
Future Cont.
|
S + all modal + V1
|
Simple Past
Past Cont.
|
S + be allowed to + V1
|
E.g.
-
Yesterday I wasn’t allowed to
hang out.
-
Everyone may borrow a book in the library.
NOTICE!!
v
Perbedaan “MAY” dan “CAN” dalam
Permission
MAY
|
CAN
|
Perbuatan
diperbolehkan
|
Perbuatan
diperbolehkan
|
Peraturan
memperbolehkan
|
Peraturan tidak memperbolehkan
|
E.g.
You may par your cycle in front of office
|
You can park your cycle in the office because of
raining
|
v
Perbedaan “MAY NOT” (tidak boleh) dan “MUST NOT” (tidak boleh)
MAY NOT
|
MUST NOT
|
Weak Prohibition
|
Strong
Prohibition
|
E.g.
Everybody may not smoke in my room.
|
Everybody must not smoke in gas station.
|
SEMI MODAL
Def: Kata yang
bisa berfungsi sebagai Modal, Verb, dan Noun.
Kinds:
1. DARE
DARE
|
|
Modal
|
Berani
|
Verb
|
Menantang
|
Noun
|
Tantangan
|
E.g.
I dare dare your
dare because your dare dares my dare
|
|
2. NEED
NEED
|
|
Modal (needn’t)
|
Tidak perlu
|
Verb
|
Membutuhkan
|
Noun
|
Kebutuhan
|
E.g.
I
need you as my need, so you needn’t need anyone else as your need.
|
|
EXERCISE:
MODAL (1)
Analyse
error modal below!
1.
While Sam was working in fields, his son would bought oranges or candy.
2.
We supposed to bring our book to class every day.
3.
If Bob has a car, He can travelled around Indonesia
4.
I don’t know where they are. they may listening to the music.
5.
Patricia can to speak English well every day.
6.
Do you want to can speak English?
7.
She wills go to London tomorrow
8.
During the class, student must sat quietly When the student have questions,
they must to raise their hand.
9.
When I was child, I can went to roof of my house and I saw all other
houses and street.
10. A film director must has
controlled over every aspect of a movie.
MODAL (2)
Use the modals of the
conclusion (possibility and impossibility)
in the blank below!
1.
A. Rosa seems very angry with
Jack.
B. I agree. He ………………………… (make) mistakes.
2.
A. Rose fell asleep in the
class this morning.
B. She …………………… (stay) up too late last night.
3.
A. what time is it?
B. well, we came at seven, and I’m sure we’ve been here
for at least an hour. So it ……………………… (be) around eight o’clock.
4.
Look. Those people who are
coming in the door are carrying wet umbrella. It …………………………(rain)
5.
A. Sarah has failed every test
so far this semester.
B. She ………………………… (study) very hard.
6.
A. why is Glen in her room?
B. I do not know. He ………………………… (do) his homework.
7.
A. Have you noticed that Prof.
Smith wears something red every day?
B. I know. He ……………………… (fall) fall in love
8.
Look at all the people standing
in the line to get into that movie. It ……………………… (be) a good movie.
9.
Let’s go to the lecturer
tonight. It …………………… (be) interesting.
10.
A. Look at the man standing
outside the window on the fifteenth floor of building!
B. He ………………………… (be) crazy.
MODAL (3)
Translate into English!
1.
Dia pasti tidak dirumah saat
ini, karena aku baru saja ketemu dia dikolam renang. Mungkin Dia masih disana.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.
Saat ini mereka berada di Pare.
mereka pasti sedang belajar bahasa Inggris.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.
Meskipun ujian tengah semester
telah selesai, sekolahan mungkin tidak diliburkan.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.
Prof. Amin sedang berada di New
York. Ia pasti tidak menghadiri rapat dewan besok.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.
Peristiwa itu mungkin tidak
terjadi tadi malam, karena aku tidak melihatsiapapun ketika aku melewati tempat
itu,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6.
A :Dimana buku bahasa inggris
ku? Mungkinkah tadi pagi seseorang telah mengambilnya?
B :Aku tidak tahu, mungkin bukumu
berada di atas lemari.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7.
Ibumu tidak berada dirumah
sekarang. Mungkinkah dia pergi kepasar?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8.
Setahun yang lalu kakenya Sarah
meninggal dunia. Ia pasti sedih sekali pada saat itu.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9.
Semalam Fred nonton bola
bersamaku.Dia tak mungkin pergi kepesta membosankan itu .
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10.
Timmy selalu berjalan kaki ke
kantor. Dia pasti tidak punya sepeda
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
MODAL (4)
Translate
it (Conclusions, Wishes, And Ability modal)
1.
Ketika bob masih muda dia bisa
mengetik 10 jari dengan cepat.
…………………………………………………………
2.
Mungkin sepedaku masih rusak, karena tidak bisa digunakan padahal telah
diperbaiki.
…………………………………………………………
3.
Jane belum berangkat kesekolah, mungkin dia masih mandi.
…………………………………………………………
4.
A: kenapa kau tidak tidur tadi malam?
B: aku bermimpi buruk. Semoga tidak terjadi apa2.
…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
5.
Kapan kau akan pergi ke Hongkong? Kemungkinan besar Bulan depan aku dan
keluargaku pergi kesana.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6.
Semoga soal-soal ujian bisa kamu jawab.
…………………………………………………………
7.
Dia tidak mungkin datang ke acara itu besok, karena dia masih dirumah
tantenya.
…………………………………………………………
8.
Dia pasti sanggup bertahan akan cobaan berat yang sedang dia hadapi.
………………………………………………………
9.
Aku tidak bisa naik sepeda ketika aku berumur lima tahun.
………………………………………………………
10. Semoga siswa siswa Peace
bisa mengamalkan ilmu bahasa inggris mereka dengan baik.
…………………………………………………………
MODAL (5)
Translate
it (Advisability, Suggestion, and Expectation)
1.
Dia tidak seharusnya meninggalkan anaknya bermain dijalan. …………………………………………………………
2.
Kau lebih baik melunasi hutang2 mu sekarang atau rumahmu akan disita.
…………………………………………………………
3.
Kantor Pos seharusnya buka jam 07:00 setiap hari.
…………………………………………………………
4.
Ketika sedang naik sepeda motor, sebaiknya kita memakai helm.
…………………………………………………………
5.
Kau lebih baik membawa payung atau memakai jas hujan.
…………………………………………………………
6.
Kita seharusnya tidak nonton TV sampe larut tadi malam.
…………………………………………………………
7.
Setiap orang seharusnya mematuhi rambu2 lalu lintas untuk menjaga
keselamatan.
…………………………………………………………
8.
Sebaiknya kita tidak mengganggu anjing2 itu atau mereka kan mengejar dan
menggigit kita.
…………………………………………………………
9.
Seharusnya kantor kelurahan buka jam 07.00 tadi pagi.
…………………………………………………………
10. Sekarang dia marah
padaku. Apa yang seharusnya aku lalukan?
…………………………………………………………
MODAL (6)
Use the modals spontaneity (necessity, prohibition,
habitual action in the past) in the blank below!
1.
Aku tidak harus mengiriminya bunga setiap hari. …………………………………………………………
2.
Dia dilarang begadang karena besok dia akan ujian.
…………………………………………………………
3.
Sebelum
mengerjakan PR, aku dilarang main PS.
…………………………………………………………
4.
Dia tidak harus datang kesini untuk mengantarkan surat itu padaku.
…………………………………………………………
5.
Aku harus menceritakan masalah ini padanya sekarang.
…………………………………………………………
6.
Saya tidak terbiasa menghabiskan liburanku untuk pergi jalan2 ketika aku
masih sekolah.
…………………………………………………………
7.
Kamu harus mentaati peraturan yang ada. …………………………………………………………
8.
Aku terbiasa makan jagung bakar disamping sumur bersama teman2ku 3 tahun
yang lalu.
…………………………………………………………
9.
Ketika masih hidup, Ben terbiasa membacakan cerita2 lucu pada cucu2nya.
…………………………………………………………
10.
Rose harus pulang tadi malam karena ibunya masuk rumah sakit. …………………………………………………………
Daftar
Pustaka
- Azar, Betty Schrampfer; Understanding And Using English Grammar, Third Edition, Longman, 1999.
- Echols, John M. and Hassan Shadily, Kamus Inggris Indonesia, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
- Echols, John M. and Hassan Shadily, Kamus Indonesia Inggris, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta
- Frank, Marcella; Modern English, Prentice Hall. Inc; New York, 1972.
- Swan, Michael; Practical English Usage, New Edition, Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Thompson, A.J and Martinet, A, V; A Practical English Grammar, Forth Edition, Oxford University Press, 1968.
- _______________, Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1991.
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