PART OF SPEECH - Part Pronoun

PRONOUN

(Kata Ganti)

A.    Definition

      Kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan Noun. Noun yang digantikan disebut “Antecedent/Reference” (Rujukan).

      E.g.

Bob bought a new motorcycle yesterday. He rode it this morning.

B.     Kinds

Personal		Possessive		Reflexive  Pronoun
Subject	Object	Adjective	Pronoun
I You We They She He It	Me You Us Them Her Him It	My Your Our Their       Her His Its	Mine Yours Ours Theirs Hers His Its	Myself Yourself/selves Ourselves Themselves Herself Himself Itself

1)      Personal Pronoun

Def: Kata ganti untuk noun yang sudah jelas.

Kinds:  a. Subject        : I, you we, they, she he, it

        b. Object         : me, you, us, them, her, him, it

E.g.

The students were standing in front of class. The teacher punished them

2)      Possessive Pronoun

Def: Kata ganti kepemilikan yang menggantikan noun beserta pemiliknya.

Kinds: mine, yours, ours, theirs, hers, his, its

E.g.

My pens are here. Diana’s pen is there. Hers is better than mine

3)      Reflexive Pronoun

Def: Kata ganti yang merujuk pada diri sendiri.

Kinds: myself, yourself/yourselves, ourselves, themselves, herself, himself, itself.

Functions:

ð As Emphasize (penekanan)

E.g.

I myself do my homework or

I do my homework myself

ð As Object (subject=object)

E.g.

Tommy sees himself in the water.

Maria always thinks about herself

ð As Adverb (By + Ref. Pronoun = alone)

E.g.

She stays at home by herself

She stays at home alone.

Note:

Terkadang, Object pronoun digunakan sebagai object of Prep. Meskipun subject dan object kalimat adalah individu yang sama.

E.g.

Bob brought his books with him.

I look around me.

4)      Indefinite Pronoun

Def: Kata ganti untuk noun yang tidak jelas.

Kinds:

Ø  Indefinite Person/thing

	- body	- one	- thing
Some Every Any No	Somebody Everybody Anybody Nobody	Someone Everyone Anyone No one	Something Everything Anything Nothing

Note:

ð  Indefinite Person/Thing dianggap singular sehingga diikuti singular verb.

  E.g. Someone is singing, nobody is perfect, everything is OK

ð  Personal Pronoun untuk Indefinite Person/Thing adalah:

a.       Indefinite thing (IT)

E.g. Something is happening. It is an accident.

b.      Indefinite person (HE/THEY)

E.g. somebody left his book. ^(formal)

Somebody left their book.  ^(informal)

Ø  Indefinite Quantity

- All                      - some              - much             - little

- Both                   - several           - many             - few                etc

E.g.

I have many books. Some are English books.

5)      Reciprocal Pronoun

Def: kata ganti yang menunjukkan hubungan saling interaksi.

Kinds: - Each other (saling)    : 2 noun

          - One another (saling) : lebih dari 2 noun.

Form: S + Vt + Rec. Pronoun

                 (Subject berupa plural)

E.g. She and I always help each other

6)      Demonstrative Pronoun

Def: kata ganti yang berupa kata tunjuk.

Kinds:

Funct. Meaning	Singular/Uncount	Plural
Ini	This	These
Itu	That	Those

Note:

Personal pronoun untuk demonstrative pronoun tergantung antecedent (baik person/non-person maupun singular/plural), sedangkan antecedent dari demonstrative pronoun adalah noun yang ditunjuk.

E.g.

That is my sister. She is beautiful.

Those are some pencils. They belong to Fahmi.

7)      Interrogative Pronoun

Def: kata ganti yang berupa Question Word (kata tanya).

Kinds: who, whom, what, whose, which.

E.g. Diana is reading a book.

           a                                    b

a.    Who is reading a book? (who berfungsi sbg Q.W dan kata ganti untuk Diana)

b.    What is Diana reading? (what berfungsi sbg Q.W dan kata ganti untuk book)

8)      Relative Pronoun

Def: kata ganti yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung (Adjective Clause/Relative Clause).

Kinds: who, whom, which, that (bermakna “yang”)

E.g. I’m wearing T-shirt which I bought yesterday.

EXERCISE:

I.       Fill the blank with a suitable pronoun and Underline the antecedent!

1. My name is Sue. ………………. am English and this is my family.
2. My mum's name is Angie. ………………. is from Germany.
3. Bob is my dad. ………………. is a waiter.
4. On the left you can see Simon. ………………. is my brother.
5. Sue and Simon are family. ………………. are twins.
6. Our dog is a girl, Judy. ………………. is two years old.
7. Sue, Simon, Angie and Bob are my classmates. ………………. live in Canterbury.
8. Canterbury is in Africa.  ………………. is not far from London.
9. My grandparents live in London. ………………. often come and see us.
10. Timmy has a new book. ………………. is very thick.

II.    Fill each blank with a suitable possessive adjective!

Hi Daniel,
¹____________ name is John. This is ²____________  friend Jason. He's 12. ³____________  sister is nine. ⁴____________  pet is a budgie. ⁵____________  name is Dickens. Jason and I go to the same school. There are 450 boys and girls in ⁶____________  school. Jason's form teacher is Mrs. Peterson. She has got a pet, too. ⁷____________  pet is a tortoise. Our form teacher is Mr. Smith. I like ⁸____________  lessons. He has two dogs. The dogs love to play in ⁹____________  garden. Now I have a question for you. What's ¹⁰____________  pet?
Yours,
John

III. Fill each blank with a suitable Reflexive Pronoun.

1.      He rewarded _______________ with an ice-cream.

He rewarded himself with an ice-cream.

2.      They agreed amongst _______________ that they would not tell anyone.

They agreed amongst themselves that they would not tell anyone.

3.      I taught _______________ to draw.

I taught myself to draw.

4.      You must explain _______________ more clearly.

You must explain yourself more clearly.

5.      He has a bad temper so he must learn to control _______________.

He has a bad temper so he must learn to control himself.

6.      We thoroughly enjoyed _______________ at the party on Sunday.

We thoroughly enjoyed ourselves at the party on Sunday.

7.      That monkey is scratching _______________.

That monkey is scratching itself.

8.      HeHHhhfgdtrsdtdh;uih;jHe must defend _______________ against bullies.

One must defend oneself against bullies.

9.      My brother and I bought _______________ some apples.My brother and I bought ourselves some apples.

10.  She cooks for _______________ every day.

IV. Choose the correct indefinite pronouns

1. Don’t blame yourself for the mistake. ______________ is perfect. (body)
2. There is ______________ in your hair. I think it is a bug. (thing)
3. Our holiday was perfect. ______________ went as we wished. (thing)
4. He didn’t say ______________ useful. All nonsense. (thing)
5. I would like to have ______________ to drink please. (thing)
6. Can ______________ hear me? Is there ______________out there? (body)
7. I will do ______________ for you. You are my best friend. (thing)
8. There is ______________ I can’t tell you. I will keep it as a secret all my life. (thing)
9. He was so helpful. He helped nearly ______________ in the village. (body)
10. My dictionary was on the desk. ______________ has taken it. (body)

V.    Fill each blank with a suitable Reciprocal Pronoun!

1.        John and Mary looked at ………………………

2.        Peter and Susan have met ………………………

3.        Elka, Yonne and Joanna gave ……………………… a book.

4.        Three children talked to ……………………….They stood next to my house.

5.        I and my uncle talk to ……………………… every day. Although his character isn't easy to bear.

6.        She and her brother stopped talking and looked at ………………………

7.        John and his mother bought ……………………… presents for Christmas.

8.        My cat and his dog looked at ……………………… with dread.

9.        Barbara's three sons and their father hate ………………………

10.    I think that all people should love ………………………. No matter where they live.

Daftar Pustaka

1. Azar, Betty Schrampfer; Understanding And Using English Grammar, Third Edition, Longman, 1999.
2. Echols, John M. and Hassan Shadily, Kamus Inggris Indonesia, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
3. Echols, John M. and Hassan Shadily, Kamus Indonesia Inggris, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta
4. Frank, Marcella; Modern English, Prentice Hall. Inc; New York, 1972.
5. Swan, Michael; Practical English Usage, New Edition, Oxford University Press, 1996.
6. Thompson, A.J and Martinet, A, V; A Practical English Grammar, Forth Edition, Oxford University Press, 1968.
7. _______________, Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1991.